Abstract

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of infant respiratory infections and hospitalizations. To investigate the relationship between the respiratory microbiome and RSV infection, we sequence nasopharyngeal samples from a birth cohort and a pediatric case-control study (Respiratory Syncytial virus Consortium in Europe [RESCEU]). 1,537 samples are collected shortly after birth ("baseline"), during RSV infection and convalescence, and from healthy controls. We find a modest association between baseline microbiota and the severity of consecutive RSV infections. The respiratory microbiota during infection clearly differs between infants with RSV and controls. Haemophilus, Streptococcus, and Moraxella abundance are associated with severe disease and persistence of symptoms, whereas stepwise increasing abundance of Dolosigranulum and Corynebacterium is associated with milder disease and health. We conclude that the neonatal respiratory microbiota is only modestly associated with RSV severity during the first year of life. However, the respiratory microbiota at the time of infection is strongly associated with disease severity and residual symptoms.