Abstract

Background Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) has been linked to mental health difficulties later in life. However, much of the existing research relies on cross-sectional designs and retrospectively reported ACEs, which are susceptible to recall bias and confounding by early life factors, such as family socioeconomic status or childhood temperament. Moreover, the majority of these studies have been conducted in the United States and the United Kingdom, limiting the generalizability of their findings. To address these limitations, we examined the association between prospectively measured ACEs and adolescent adjustment using data from a longitudinal, population-based birth cohort in Central Europe. Methods Data were obtained from the Czech part of the European Longitudinal Cohort Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ELSPAC-CZ; N = 2,741). ACE score was calculated as a sum of eight intra-familial adversities assessed prospectively between 6 months and 11 years postpartum. Adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems were measured via Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at 11 years and were reported by adolescents and their mothers. Results Linear regression models showed that ACE score was associated with internalizing problems reported by adolescent (β = 0.063, 95% CI [0.019, 0.107]) and mother (β = 0.120, 95% CI [0.077, 0.163]), and externalizing problems reported by adolescent (β = 0.088, 95% CI [0.045, 0.132]) and mother (β = 0.114, 95% CI [0.072, 0.157]). The association was driven particularly by physical and emotional abuse. Conclusions ACE were common in ELSPAC-CZ sample (69% of children experienced at least one ACE) and were prospectively associated with adjustment in adolescents, independently from family socioeconomic status, prenatal and birth characteristics, and early childhood temperament, suggesting a robust link between ACE and adolescent adjustment.