Abstract

This article investigates gender inequalities in care provision across European long-term care (LTC) public spending systems using data from the European Health Interview Survey (2013–19). Women are more likely than men to provide care (OR = 1.41) and intensive care (OR = 1.50), particularly in countries with lower LTC public spending. Higher LTC expenditure appears to reduce intensive care but does not eliminate gender disparities, suggesting persistent inequalities despite greater state support. The findings highlight the need for policies addressing structural barriers to equitable care provision and expanding LTC resources to reduce gendered care burdens and promote fairness in care responsibilities across Europe.