Abstract

Background We investigated awareness of neonatal infections among a population of pregnant women and other community members in Kampala, Uganda. We explored perceived causes of neonatal infections and perceptions of appropriate treatments. Methods We conducted focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews (IDIs) with 97 participants: 25 community leaders who took part in 3 FGDs, 12 pregnant women who took part in IDIs, and 60 pregnant women who took part in 8 FGDs, between November 2019 and October 2020. Data were analyzed thematically. This work formed part of the PROGRESS study, an observational cohort study undertaken in Kampala, Uganda, between November 2018 and April 2021. Results Beliefs about causes, signs, symptoms, and treatment of infants with suspected infections impacted health-seeking behavior. Some illnesses were perceived to be caused by environmental factors while others were believed to have social or behavioral causes, such as the promiscuity of the male partner causing infections or the mother being bewitched. Local herbs and traditional remedies were the most preferred method of treatment and were commonly relied on to address various health issues rather than conventional medicines. Notably, no participant mentioned vaccines as a way of preventing infections. Conclusions Pregnant women and community members’ understanding of the causes and treatment of neonatal illnesses were diverse, including environmental, social–behavioral, and supernatural causes, while both conventional and traditional remedies were perceived as appropriate treatments and sought accordingly. Understanding community perceptions and practices around neonatal infections is key to improving neonatal health interventions and outcomes.