Abstract

BACKGROUND: Populations affected by humanitarian crises likely experience high burdens of pneumococcal disease. Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage estimates are essential to understand pneumococcal transmission dynamics and the potential impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV). Over 100 million people are forcibly displaced worldwide, yet here we present only the second pneumococcal carriage estimates for a displaced population. METHODS: In October 2019, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among internally displaced people (IDP) living in Digaale, a permanent IDP camp in Somaliland where PCV has not been implemented. We collected nasopharyngeal swab samples from 453 residents which were assessed for presence of pneumococci and serotyped using DNA microarray. RESULTS: We found that pneumococcal carriage prevalence was 36% (95%CI 31-40) in all ages, and 70% (95%CI 64-76) in children under 5. The three most common serotypes were vaccine serotypes 6B, 19F, and 23F. We estimated that the serotypes included in the 10-valent PNEUMOSIL vaccine were carried by 41% (95%CI 33-49) of all pneumococcal carriers and extrapolated that they caused 52% (95%CI 35-70) of invasive pneumococcal disease. We found some evidence that pneumococcal carriage was associated with recent respiratory symptoms, the total number of physical contacts made, and with malnutrition in children under 5. Through linking with a nested contact survey we projected that pneumococcal exposure of children under 2 was predominantly due to contact with children aged 2-5 (39%; 95%CI 31-48) and 6-14 (25%; 95%CI 17-34). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest considerable potential for direct and indirect protection against pneumococcal disease in Digaale through PCV use in children and potentially adolescents.