Abstract

Evidence for the impact of smoking on COVID-19 is contradictory, and there is little research on vaping. Here we provide greater clarity on mechanisms perturbed by tobacco cigarette, electronic cigarette and nicotine exposures that may impact the risks of infection and/or disease severity.Following PRISMA guidelines, OVID and Web of Science databases were searched. Study design and exposure-induced gene expression changes were extracted. Each study was quality assessed and higher confidence scores were assigned to genes consistently changed across multiple studies following the same exposure. These genes were used to explore pathways significantly altered following exposure.125 studies provided data on 480 genes altered by exposure to tobacco cigarettes, e-cigarettes, nicotine or SARS-CoV-2. Genes involved in both SARS-CoV-2 viral-entry and inflammation were changed following exposure. Pathway analysis revealed that many of those genes with high confidence scores are involved in common cellular processes relating to hyperinflammatory immune responses.Exposure to tobacco cigarettes, e-cigarettes, or nicotine, may therefore impact initial host-pathogen interactions and disease severity. Smokers and vapers of e-cigarettes with nicotine, could potentially be at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, associated cytokine storm, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, further research is required, particularly on e-cigarettes, to determine the biological mechanisms involved in perturbation of viral-entry genes and host-pathogen interactions and subsequent responses within the respiratory tract. This will improve our physiological understanding of the impact of smoking and vaping on COVID-19, informing public health advice and providing improved guidance for management of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses.