Taylor, AH;
Thompson, TP;
Streeter, A;
Chynoweth, J;
Snowsill, T;
Ingram, W;
Ussher, M;
Aveyard, P;
Murray, RL;
Harris, T;
et al.
Taylor, AH; Thompson, TP; Streeter, A; Chynoweth, J; Snowsill, T; Ingram, W; Ussher, M; Aveyard, P; Murray, RL; Harris, T; Green, C; Horrell, J; Callaghan, L; Greaves, CJ; Price, L; Cartwright, L; Wilks, J; Campbell, S; Preece, D; Creanor, S
(2023)
Motivational support intervention to reduce smoking and increase physical activity in smokers not ready to quit: the TARS RCT.
Health Technol Assess, 27 (4).
pp. 1-277.
ISSN 2046-4924
https://doi.org/10.3310/KLTG1447
SGUL Authors: Harris, Teresa Jane
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Physical activity can support smoking cessation for smokers wanting to quit, but there have been no studies on supporting smokers wanting only to reduce. More broadly, the effect of motivational support for such smokers is unclear. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to determine if motivational support to increase physical activity and reduce smoking for smokers not wanting to immediately quit helps reduce smoking and increase abstinence and physical activity, and to determine if this intervention is cost-effective. DESIGN: This was a multicentred, two-arm, parallel-group, randomised (1 : 1) controlled superiority trial with accompanying trial-based and model-based economic evaluations, and a process evaluation. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Participants from health and other community settings in four English cities received either the intervention (n = 457) or usual support (n = 458). INTERVENTION: The intervention consisted of up to eight face-to-face or telephone behavioural support sessions to reduce smoking and increase physical activity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures were carbon monoxide-verified 6- and 12-month floating prolonged abstinence (primary outcome), self-reported number of cigarettes smoked per day, number of quit attempts and carbon monoxide-verified abstinence at 3 and 9 months. Furthermore, self-reported (3 and 9 months) and accelerometer-recorded (3 months) physical activity data were gathered. Process items, intervention costs and cost-effectiveness were also assessed. RESULTS: The average age of the sample was 49.8 years, and participants were predominantly from areas with socioeconomic deprivation and were moderately heavy smokers. The intervention was delivered with good fidelity. Few participants achieved carbon monoxide-verified 6-month prolonged abstinence [nine (2.0%) in the intervention group and four (0.9%) in the control group; adjusted odds ratio 2.30 (95% confidence interval 0.70 to 7.56)] or 12-month prolonged abstinence [six (1.3%) in the intervention group and one (0.2%) in the control group; adjusted odds ratio 6.33 (95% confidence interval 0.76 to 53.10)]. At 3 months, the intervention participants smoked fewer cigarettes than the control participants (21.1 vs. 26.8 per day). Intervention participants were more likely to reduce cigarettes by ≥ 50% by 3 months [18.9% vs. 10.5%; adjusted odds ratio 1.98 (95% confidence interval 1.35 to 2.90] and 9 months [14.4% vs. 10.0%; adjusted odds ratio 1.52 (95% confidence interval 1.01 to 2.29)], and reported more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity at 3 months [adjusted weekly mean difference of 81.61 minutes (95% confidence interval 28.75 to 134.47 minutes)], but not at 9 months. Increased physical activity did not mediate intervention effects on smoking. The intervention positively influenced most smoking and physical activity beliefs, with some intervention effects mediating changes in smoking and physical activity outcomes. The average intervention cost was estimated to be £239.18 per person, with an overall additional cost of £173.50 (95% confidence interval -£353.82 to £513.77) when considering intervention and health-care costs. The 1.1% absolute between-group difference in carbon monoxide-verified 6-month prolonged abstinence provided a small gain in lifetime quality-adjusted life-years (0.006), and a minimal saving in lifetime health-care costs (net saving £236). CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence that behavioural support for smoking reduction and increased physical activity led to meaningful increases in prolonged abstinence among smokers with no immediate plans to quit smoking. The intervention is not cost-effective. LIMITATIONS: Prolonged abstinence rates were much lower than expected, meaning that the trial was underpowered to provide confidence that the intervention doubled prolonged abstinence. FUTURE WORK: Further research should explore the effects of the present intervention to support smokers who want to reduce prior to quitting, and/or extend the support available for prolonged reduction and abstinence. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial is registered as ISRCTN47776579. FUNDING: This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 27, No. 4. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
Item Type: |
Article
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Additional Information: |
Copyright © 2023 Taylor et al. This work was produced by Taylor et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care. This is an Open Access publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0 licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaption in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. For attribution the title, original author(s), the publication source – NIHR Journals Library, and the DOI of the publication must be cited. |
Keywords: |
ABSTINENCE, ACCELEROMETER, ADULT, BEHAVIOUR CHANGE, COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS, EXERCISE, GOAL-SETTING, MEDIATION, MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING, MOTIVATIONAL SUPPORT, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, PROCESS EVALUATION, QUALITATIVE, QUALITY OF LIFE, QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE-YEARS, QUITTING, RCT, REDUCTION, SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY, SELF-MONITORING, SMOKING, Humans, Middle Aged, Smokers, Carbon Monoxide, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Exercise, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Humans, Carbon Monoxide, Exercise, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Middle Aged, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Smokers, 0806 Information Systems, 0807 Library and Information Studies, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, Health Policy & Services |
SGUL Research Institute / Research Centre: |
Academic Structure > Population Health Research Institute (INPH) |
Journal or Publication Title: |
Health Technol Assess |
ISSN: |
2046-4924 |
Language: |
eng |
Dates: |
Date | Event |
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March 2023 | Published | 4 January 2023 | Accepted |
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Publisher License: |
Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 |
Projects: |
|
PubMed ID: |
37022933 |
![](http://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/2745237/img/27842) |
Go to PubMed abstract |
URI: |
https://openaccess.sgul.ac.uk/id/eprint/115324 |
Publisher's version: |
https://doi.org/10.3310/KLTG1447 |
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