Abstract

Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is the deformation and/or abnormal curvature of the spine that develops progressively after birth. It is a very common condition, affecting approximately 4% of the general population, yet the genetic and mechanistic causes of IS are poorly understood. Here, we focus on PPP2R3B, which encodes a protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit. We found that PPP2R3B is expressed at sites of chondrogenesis within human foetuses, including the vertebrae. We also demonstrated prominent expression in myotome and muscle fibres in human foetuses, and zebrafish embryos and adolescents. As there is no rodent orthologue of PPP2R3B, we used CRIPSR/Cas9-mediated gene-editing to generate a series of frameshift mutations in zebrafish ppp2r3b. Adolescent zebrafish that were homozygous for this mutation exhibited a fully penetrant kyphoscoliosis phenotype which became progressively worse over time, mirroring IS in humans. These defects were associated with reduced mineralisation of vertebrae, resembling osteoporosis. Electron microscopy demonstrated abnormal mitochondria adjacent to muscle fibres. In summary, we report a novel zebrafish model of IS and reduced bone mineral density. In future, it will be necessary to delineate the aetiology of these defects in relation to bone, muscle, neuronal and ependymal cilia function.