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Using the indirect cohort design to estimate the effectiveness of the seven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in England and Wales.

Andrews, N; Waight, PA; Borrow, R; Ladhani, S; George, RC; Slack, MP; Miller, E (2011) Using the indirect cohort design to estimate the effectiveness of the seven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in England and Wales. PLoS One, 6 (12). e28435. ISSN 1932-6203 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028435
SGUL Authors: Ladhani, Shamez Nizarali

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) was introduced in the United Kingdom in 2006 with a 2, 3 and 13 month schedule, and has led to large decreases in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by the vaccine serotypes in both vaccinated and unvaccinated cohorts. We estimated the effectiveness of PCV-7 against IPD. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We used enhanced surveillance data, collated at the Health Protection Agency, on vaccine type (n = 153) and non vaccine type (n = 919) IPD cases eligible for PCV-7. The indirect cohort method, a case-control type design which uses non vaccine type cases as controls, was used to estimate effectiveness of various numbers of doses as well as for each vaccine serotype. Possible bias with this design, caused by differential serotype replacement in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, was estimated after deriving formulae to quantify the bias. The results showed good effectiveness, increasing from 56% (95% confidence interval (CI): -7-82) for a single dose given under one year of age to 93% (95% CI: 70-98) for two doses under one year of age plus a booster dose in the second year of life. Serotype specific estimates indicated higher effectiveness against serotypes 4, 14 and 18C and lower effectiveness against 6B. Under the assumption of complete serotype replacement by non vaccine serotypes in carriage, we estimated that effectiveness estimates may be overestimated by about 2 to 5%. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows high effectiveness of PCV-7 under the reduced schedule used in the UK. This finding agrees with the large reductions seen in vaccine type IPD in recent years in England and Wales. The formulae derived to assess the bias of the indirect cohort method for PCV-7 can also be used when using the design for other vaccines that affect carriage such as the recently introduced 13 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

Item Type: Article
Additional Information: © 2011 Andrews et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Keywords: Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, England, Humans, Immunization Programs, Infant, Multivariate Analysis, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Pneumococcal Infections, Pneumococcal Vaccines, Program Evaluation, Research Design, Vaccines, Vaccines, Conjugate, Wales, Humans, Pneumococcal Infections, Vaccines, Pneumococcal Vaccines, Vaccines, Conjugate, Multivariate Analysis, Cohort Studies, Program Evaluation, Research Design, Child, Child, Preschool, Infant, Immunization Programs, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), England, Wales, General Science & Technology, MD Multidisciplinary
SGUL Research Institute / Research Centre: Academic Structure > Infection and Immunity Research Institute (INII)
Journal or Publication Title: PLoS One
ISSN: 1932-6203
Language: eng
Dates:
DateEvent
2 December 2011Published
8 November 2011Accepted
Publisher License: Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0
Projects:
Project IDFunderFunder ID
UNSPECIFIEDHealth Protection Agencyhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001306
PubMed ID: 22164292
Go to PubMed abstract
URI: https://openaccess.sgul.ac.uk/id/eprint/107555
Publisher's version: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028435

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